Unit+5

Part 1-

generator- engine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by electromagnetic induction
 * Vocabulary** Define:

transform- change or alter in form, appearance, or nature

assembly line- mechanical system in a factory whereby an article is conveyed through sites at which successive operations are performed on it

mass production- the production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques)

emerge- come out into view, as from concealment

proletariat**-** a term used to identify a lower social class; a member of such a class is proletarian. Originally it was identified as those people who had no wealth other than their sons. ...

dictatorship- a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

revisionist- a Communist who tries to rewrite Marxism to justify a retreat from the revolutionary position

Questions- 1. What commodities were a part of the Second Industrial Revolution? electricity, steel, chemicals, and petroleum.

2. Name one major industrial change between 1870 and 1914. - substitution of steel for iron 3. Electricity could be converted into what other forms of energy? - heat, light and motion 4. Why could Europeans afford to buy more consumer products? - The Europeans wages increased a lot while the production goods price went down. 5. Which part of Europe remained largely agricultural and little industrialized? - Southern Italy, Spain, Portugal, the Balkans, Russia, Austria-Hungary 6. What two types of transportation contributed to the advancement of a true world economy? - steamship and railroad. 7. Who wrote The Communist Manifesto? - Karl Max 8. According to Karl Marx, what two groups of society would grow more and more hostile toward one another? - Bourgeoise and Proleteriat 9. What did the German Social Democratic Party become in 1912? - It became the largest party in Germany 10. What did pure Marxists believe about capitalism? - that only a violent revolution could defeat it. 11. Why would workers organize in a labor union? - to improve their conditions.

Part 2-
innovation: the action or process of innovating objective:undistorted by emotion or personal bias feminism: the advocacy of women's rights on the grounds ofpolitical, social, and economic equality to men. literacy: the ability to read and write
 * Vocabulary** Define:

Questions- By the end of the nineteenth century, industrialization had led to the emergence of a (1) ** Mass **society where the lower classes were concentrated in cities. Municipal governments made innovations in (2) ** public health ** and sanitation so that many more people could survive living close together. At the top of European society stood a wealthy (3) ** elite **. This group made up only 5 percent of the population but controlled 30 to 40 percent of the (4) ** wealth **. The (5) ** middle **classes consisted of lawyers, doctors, members of the civil service, business managers, engineers, architects, accountants, and chemists. The European middle classes believed in (6)** hard work **, which was open to everyone and guaranteed to have positive results. The working classes were (7) ** land holding **peasants, farm laborers, and sharecroppers. (8)** unskilled **labor was made up of day laborers and domestic servants who were mostly women. The (9) ** second **Industrial Revolution opened the door to new jobs for women. By the 1840s and 1850s, the movement for women’s rights expanded as women called for equal (10) ** property **rights. Between 1870 and 1914, most Western governments financed (11) ** primary **education. Both boys and girls between the ages of 6 and 12 were now required to attend school. The most immediate result of public education was an increase in (12) ** literacy **. New forms of (13) ** leisure **appeared in society. Leisure came to be viewed as what people do for (14) ** fun **after work.

Part 3-

 * Vocabulary** Define:
 * ministerial responsibility**- is a constitutional convention in governments using the Westminster System that a cabinet minister bears the ultimate responsibility for the actions of their ministry or department.

crucial- of extreme importance; vital to the resolution of a crisis

compensation- something (such as money) given or received as payment or reparation (as for a service or loss or injury)

Duma- a legislative body in the ruling assembly of Russia and of some other republics in the former USSR

 Questions- I. By the late nineteenth century in European nations, especially in Western Europe, ** democracy ** was becoming well established. A. In Great Britain, the ** liberal **and ** conservative **Parties alternated in power. B. With the set up of the Third French Republic, France’s new government had a ** president ** and a ** legislature **. C. Constant turmoil between ** labor **and ** industry **weakened the social fabric of Italy.

II. The ** central **and ** eastern ** European nations pursued much different policies from their western counterparts. A. In Germany, ministers of government were responsible not to parliament but to the ** emperor **. B. Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria-Hungary largely ** ignored ** the parliament, issuing his own decrees and laws. C. Nicolas II of Russia believed the ** czars ** power of the should be preserved.

III. Four years of Civil War had preserved the American ** nation **. A. By 1900, the United States had become the world’s ** richest ** nation, but wealth was very ** unevenly **distributed. B. America gained control over ** hawaii **, ** Puerto Rico **, ** Guam **, ** Spain ** , and the ** Phillipines **.

IV. When Emperor William II of Germany fired Bismarck and dropped a treaty with Russia, ** France ** concluded a military alliance with Russia.

V. A series of crises in the between set the stage for World War I. A. In 1908, Austria-Hungary took the step of ** annexed **Bosnia and Herzegovina. B. The Russians supported the ** Serbs ** in opposing the Austrian annexation. C. By 1914 the conflict had grown intense. The Serbians blamed ** Austria-Hungary **for their inability to expand Serbia.

Part 4-
psychoanalysis- a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders; based on the theories of Sigmund Freud
 * Vocabulary** Define:

Social Darwinism- is a pejorative term used in criticism of ideologies or ideas concerning their exploitation of concepts in biology and social sciences to artificially create political change that reduces the fertility of certain individuals, races, and subcultures

discrimination**-** <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice

pogrom- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">organized persecution of an ethnic group (especially Jews)

annually- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">without missing a year

modernism- <span style="font-family: arial,sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: normal;">genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres

reinforce- make stronger

Questions-
 * 1) Before 1914, ** Reason **, ** Science **, and ** Progress ** were still important words to Europeans.
 * 2) Science offered a certainty of belief in the ** Orderliness **of nature.
 * 3) The French scientist Marie Curie discovered that ** radium ** gave off energy from within itself.
 * 4) Albert Einstein published his theory of ** relativity ** which stated that space and time are not absolute but are relative to the observer.
 * 5) According to Sigmund Freud, human behavior was strongly determined by ** past **experiences and ** mental ** forces.
 * 6) ** Psychoanalysis **, pioneered by Freud, developed into a major profession.
 * 7) Social ** Darwinism ** was the theory that social progress came from “the struggle for survival” as the “fit” advanced and the “weak” declined.
 * 8) In Germany and Austria-Hungary during the 1880s and 1890s, new parties arose that used** anti-semitism ** to win the votes of people who felt threatened by changing times.
 * 9) The symbolist writers believed that it was not possible to know the ** Objective ** world.
 * 10) Impressionists rejected the studios where artists had traditionally worked and went out into the** countryside ** to paint nature directly.
 * 11) For Postimpressionist Vincent Van Gogh, art was a ** spiritual ** experience.
 * 12) Functionalism was the idea that buildings, like the products of machines, should be ** useful **
 * 13) Russian composer Igor Stravinsky’s expressive sounds and bold rhythms were so revolutionary, the audience nearly rioted at his ** Rite of Spring ** ballet.