Unit+8

= **Part 1** =

The Road to World War I Define: ethnic, one of or relating to a population subgroup conscription, compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces. alter, change or cause to change in character or composition anticipate, expect or predict behalf, in the interests of a person, group, or principle mobilization, prepare and organize (troops) for active service

Identify:

 * Triple Alliance-** The military alliance among Germany, Austria–Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I in 1914.
 * Triple Entente-** The name given to the alliance between the United Kingdom, the French Third Republic, and Russia after the signing of the Anglo-Russian Entente in 1907.
 * Archduke Francis Ferdinand-** (18 December 1863 - 28 June 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.
 * Gavrilo Princip- (**25 July 1894 **-** 28 April 1918 (aged 23)**)**was a Bosnian Serb patriot, associated with the freedom movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia). Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914.
 * Emperor William II-** (27 January 1859 – 4 June 1941) was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 18 November 1918**.**
 * Czar Nicholas II-** (1868 – 17 July 1918) was the last Czar of Russia, Grand Duke of Finland, and titular King of Poland.
 * General Alfred von Schlieffen-** (28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913) was a German field marshal and strategist who served as Chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1891 to 1906. His name lived on in the 1905 Schlieffen Plan for the defeat of the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire.

Questions 1. What did liberals believe about European states in the early nineteenth century? - They believed if European states were organized along national lines, these states could create a peaceful Europe 2. Name the two loose alliances of Europe’s great powers. - Triple alliance & the triple Entente 3. What did trade unions and Socialist parties do to achieve their goals? - Used strikes, even violent ones. 4. What did the large size of European armies make obvious? - that if war did come, it would be highly destructive. 5. What three things may have played a role in starting World War I? - Militarism, Nationalism, and the desire to stifle internal dissent. 6. Which country supported Serbia’s desire to create an independent Slavic state? - Russia. 7. What assassination instigated war between Serbia and Austria-Hungary? - Arch Duke Francis Ferdinand 8. What action of Russia prompted Germany to declare war? - Russia ignored the German government when they said that it must halt its mobilization within 12 hours. 9. What was Germany’s Schlieffen Plan? - It was for the German army to make a vast encircling movement through Belgium into northern France. 10. By what route did Germany invade France? - Level coastal area of Belgium. 11. For what official reason did Great Britain declare war on Germany? - Violating Belgian neutrality.

= **Part 2** =

The War Propaganda: Information, esp. of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view. Trench warfare: A type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facingeach other. War of attrition: A prolonged war or period of conflict during which each side seeks to gradually wear out the other by a series of small-scaleactions. Suspend: Temporarily prevent from continuing or being in force or effect. Submission: The action or fact of accepting or yielding to a superior force or to the will or authority of another person. Assure: Tell someone something positively or confidently to dispel any doubts they may have. Total war: A war that is unrestricted in terms of the weapons used, the territory or combatants involved, or the objectives pursued, esp. one in which the laws of war are disregarded. Planned economies: An economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes aredetermined centrally by a government.

Lawrence of Arabia: (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) Lead a revolt against turkish Admiral Holtzendorff: (January 9, 1853 - June 7, 1919) German admiral. Famous for idea of "unrestricted submarine warfare" Woodrow Wilson: (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) 28th president of the united states fourteen points.

Questions Before 1914, many political leaders thought war in Europe could be (1) ** Risky **. Government (2) ** Propaganda ** had worked in stir- ring up national hatreds before the war. In August 1914, most people seemed gen- uinely convinced that their nation’s cause was (3) ** just **.

The German Schlieffen Plan called for the German army to sweep around (4) ** Belgium **and surround most of the French army. The German advance was halted at (5)** Marne **. The war quickly turned into a (6) ** stalemate **. The unexpected development of (7) ** trench warfare ** on the Western Front baffled military leaders. In 10 months at (8) ** Verdun **, France, in 1916, seven hundred thousand men lost their lives over a few miles of land. By the end of 1915 (9)** airplanes **began to be used to attack ground targets.

The Ottoman Empire came into the war on the side of (10) ** Germany **, prompting the Allies to declare war on them as well. By 1917, the war that had started in Europe had truly become a (11 ** world conflict ** . The Allies took advantage of the war to seize German (12) ** colonies **in the rest of the world. The United States tried to remain neutral, but unrestricted (13) ** submarine ** warfare by the Germans brought America into the war in 1917. World War I affected the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, however remote they might be from the (14) ** battlfields ** . (15) ** authoritarian **regimes such as Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary relied on force to subdue their populations. In some countries, the role played by women in wartime economies had a (16)** positive **impact on their social and political (17) **structure**.

= Part 3 =


 * The Russian Revolution**

coincide, occur at or during the same time irrelevant, not important. war communism, the economic and political system that existed in the war from 1918 to 1921.
 * Define**: soviets, an elected local, district, or national council in the former USSR.


 * Alexandra-** 6 June 1872 – 17 July 1918 was Empress consort of Russia
 * Grigori Rasputin-** 1869-1916 Russian mystic who is perceived as having influenced the latter days of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II
 * Alexander Kerensky-** 22 April 1881 – 11 June 1970 major political leader before and during the Russian Revolutions of 1917.
 * Bolsheviks-** majority faction in a crucial vote
 * V. I. Lenin-** 22 April 1870 – 21 January 1924 Russian Marxist revolutionary and communist politician who led the October Revolution of 1917.
 * Leon Trotsky-** 7 November 1879–21 August 1940 Bolshevik revolutionary and Marxist theorist.

//** I. British power in India Increased while the power of Mogul rulers declined. **// //** A. The British had their own solider and forts to maintain power. **// //** B. They hired Indian soldiers known as sepoys to protect their interests. **// //** C. In 1857, Indian distrust of the British led to a revolt, the First War of Independence **// //** 1. A rumor spread that the British were issuing bullets greased with cow and pig fat. **// //** 2. Within a year, loyal Indian troops along with the British, crushed the rebellion **//

//** II. The British ruled India directly through an official called a British Government. **// //** A. There were **//benefits//** to British rule. **// //** 1. It brought order and stability to society. **// //** 2. It led to fairly honest and s **//ufficient //** government. **// //** B. There were costs to British rule. **// //** 1. It brought economic hardship to millions as local local industries was destroyed. **// //** 2. Despite education, Indians were never considered equals of the British. **//

//** III. In 1885, a group of Indians met to form the Indian National Government. **// //** A. They began by calling for a share in the muslim process in India. **// //** B. In 1915, Mohandas Ghandi became active in an independence movement. **// //** 1. He set up a movement based on non-violent resistance. **// //** 2. Ultimately, Gandhi’s movement was successful in independence all India. **//

//** IV. The tension in India that arose from British domination led to a cultural, as **// //** well as a political, awakening. **// //** A. Rabin-dranath Tagore wrote a widely read novel that reflected an Indian people who admired and imitated the British, but who agonized over how to establish their own identity. **//

= PART Four!!!=


 * DEFINE:**


 * concentrate - ** focus one's attention or mental effort on a particular object or activity
 * armistice - ** an agreement made by opposing sides in a war to stop fighting for a certain time; a truce.
 * consistent - ** unchanging in achievement or effect over a period of time
 * reparation - ** the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged
 * clause - ** a particular and separate article, stipulation, or proviso in a treaty, bill, or contract.
 * mandate - ** an official order or commission to do something

**IDENTIFY:**

Erich von Ludendorff - 9 April 1865 – 20 December 1937) was a German military officer, victor of Liège, and, with Paul von Hindenburg, one of the victors of the battle of Tannenberg. Friedrich Ebert - 4 February 1871 – 28 February 1925) was a German politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). David Lloyd George - 17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was aBritish Liberal politician and statesman. Georges Clemenceau - 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman, physician, and journalist.

1. Allied ** offensives ** on the Western Front had been badly defeated. 2. The entry of the United States into the war in 1917 gave the Allies a much-needed ** psychological **boost. 3. The withdrawal of the Russians allowed Germany to concentrate on the ** Western Front ** 4. After William II’s departure, the ** Social Democrats **in Germany under Friedrich Ebert announced the creation of a democratic republic and signed an. 5. An attempt at revolution left the German middle class with a deep fear of ** communism **. 6. ** Rivalries **among the nations that succeeded Austria-Hungary would weaken eastern Europe for the next 80 years.

7. In January 1919, representatives of 27 victorious Allied nations met in ** Paris **to make a final settlement of the Great War. 8. U.S. President Woodrow Wilson portrayed World War I as a people’s war against “ ** absolutism **and ** militarism **.” 9. David Lloyd George, prime minister of ** Great Britain **, had a simple platform at the Peace Conference: make the Germans ** pay **. 10. President Wilson’s idea of creating a ** lasting peace **to prevent future wars was accepted after Wilson agreed to make compromises on** territorial **arrangements. 11. In the ** treaty **, Germany was ordered to pay reparations for all the dam- age to which the Allied nations had been subjected. 12. Both the German and Russian empires lost considerable ** territory ** and the Austro-Hungarian Empire ** disappeared ** altogether.