Unit+11

= **PART ONE - PATHS TO WAR** =


 * labor-** a social class comprising those who do manual labor or work for wages


 * demilitarized-** In military terms, a demilitarized zone (DMZ) is an area, usually the frontier or boundary between two or more military powers (or alliances), where military activity is not permitted, usually by peace treaty, armistice, or other bilateral or multilateral agreement


 * appeasement-** the policy of settling international quarrels by admitting and satisfying grievances through rational negotiation and compromise, thereby avoiding the resort to an armed conflict which would be expensive, bloody, and possibly dangerous.


 * achieve-** To carry on to a final close; to bring out into a perfected state; to accomplish; to perform


 * conference-** a prearranged meeting for consultation or exchange of information or discussion (especially one with a formal agenda)


 * New Order-** is the name used to denote the political, economic, and social system which the Nazis hoped to establish in Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. The establishment of the New Order was proclaimed by Adolf Hitler in 1940.


 * assume-** take to be the case or to be true; accept without verification or proof


 * sanction-** An approval, by an authority, that makes something valid; A penalty, or some coercive measure, intended to ensure compliance; especially one adopted by several nations, or by an international body


 * Adolf Hitler-** (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party. Hitler is most remembered for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and the Holocaust.


 * Benito Mussolini-** 9 July 1883 – 28 April 1945) was an Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party and is credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism.

Joseph Stalin- **(18 December 1878[1] – 5 March 1953) was the first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee from 1922 until his death in 1953.**

Chiang Kai-shek- ** (October 31, 1887 – April 5, 1975) was a political and military leader of 20th century China. Was an influential member of the Nationalist Party, the Kuomintang (KMT), and was a close ally of Sun Yat-sen. **

Questions:

- He demanded a part of neighboring Czechoslovakia
 * 1. Where did Hitler plan to find the land he felt he needed to make Germany a great power?**

- the Third Reich
 * 2. What was the name given to the Aryan racial state that Hitler thought would dominate Europe for a thousand years?**

- These steps were in direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles.
 * 3. When Hitler announced the creation of an air force, and expanded the German army, what agreement did he violate?**

- The Rome-Berlin Axis.
 * 4. What did Mussolini call the new alliance between Italy and Germany?**

- He boasted that the agreement meant “peace for our time.”
 * 5. What did Neville Chamberlain boast of when he returned to England from the conference in Munich in 1938?**

- He triumphantly declared that he would be known as the greatest German of them all.
 * 6. What did Hitler declare in Prague on March 15, 1939?**

- He signed the Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact which meant that Germany and the Soviet Union would not attack each other but also meant the treaty gave Hitler the freedom to attack Poland. September 1, german forces invaded Poland.
 * 7. Name the act committed by German forces that prompted Britain and France to declare war on Hitler.**

- Because they had natural resources that Japan needed.
 * 8. Why did Japan seize Manchuria in 1931?**

- Japan assumed that the two countries would ultimately launch a joint attack on the Soviet Union and divide Soviet resources between them.
 * 9. Why did Japan begin to cooperate with Nazi Germany in the late 1930s?**

- Japan’s military leaders, guided by Hideki Tojo, decided to launch a surprise attack on U.S. and European colonies in Southeast Asia.
 * 10. How did Japan react when the United States threatened economic sanctions unless Japan returned to its borders of 1931?**

= **PART TWO - THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR II** =

**Vocabulary** Define: blitzkrieg- an intense military campaign intended to bring about a swift isola- tionism- a policy of remaining apart from the affairs or interests of other groups,esp. the political affairs of other countries. neutrality- not helping or supporting either of two opposing sides, esp. countriesat war; indefinite- lasting for an unknown or unstated length of time partisan- a strong supporter of a party

**People** Identify: Franklin D. Roosevelt- January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945 was the 32nd President of the United States, he was a central figure in world events, he lead the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. Only American president elected to more than two terms.

Douglas MacArthur- January 26, 1880 – April 5, 1964 was an American general and field marshal of the Philippine Army, a Chief of Staff of the United States Army, played a prominent role in the Pacific theater during World War II.

Winston Churchill- 30 November 1874 – 24 January 1965. British politician and statesman, known as one of the great wartime leaders. Was a prime minister, A noted statesman and orator

Harry S. Truman- May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972. 33rd President of the United States, Truman served in combat in France as an artillery officer in his National Guard unit. After war, he became part of the Democratic Party political machine of Tom Pendergast in Kansas City

Questions:

Hitler stunned Europe with the (1) ** speed ** and (2) ** efficiency ** of his attack on Poland. His (3) ** blitzkrieg, ** or “lightning war,” used panzer divisions supported by airplanes. Within four weeks, Poland had (4) ** surrendered **. At the beginning of August 1940, the German air force launched a major offensive against (5) ** Britain **. German planes bombed British (6) ** air and naval bases **, (7)** harbors **, (8) ** communication centers ** , and (9) ** war industries **. Hitler invaded the (10) ** Soviet Union ** on June 22, 1941. An early (11) ** winter ** and fierce Soviet (12) ** resistance **halted the German advance. On December 7, 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked the U.S. naval base at (13) ** Pearl Harbor ** in the Hawaiian Islands. The United States now joined with European nations and (14) ** Nationalist China ** in a combined effort to defeat Japan. (15) ** Germany ** and the United States were at war four days after the Pearl Harbor attack. At the beginning of 1943, the Allies, Great Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union, agreed to fight until the Axis powers, Germany, Italy, and Japan, sur- rendered (16) ** unconditionally **. By the fall of 1942, the war had turned (17) ** against ** the Germans. On June 6, 1944, Allied forces under U.S. general Dwight D. Eisenhower landed on the (18) ** Normandy ** beaches in history’s greatest naval invasion. Hitler committed (19) ** suicide ** on April 30, 1945, and German commanders surrendered on May 7. In Asia, U.S. President Harry S Truman made the difficult decision to use (20) ** atomic ** weapons against Japan and avoid an invasion of Japan. After the bombing of (21) ** Hiroshima ** and (22) ** Nagasaki **, Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945. = = = **PART THREE** =

implement- apply in a manner consistent with its purpose or design; "implement a procedure" genocide- systematic killing of a racial or cultural group adjust- alter or regulate so as to achieve accuracy or conform to a standard; "Adjust the clock, please"; "correct the alignment of the front wheels" collaborator- confederate: someone who assists in a plot

Heinrich Himmler- 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945, // Reichsführer // of the SS, a military commander, and a leading member of the Nazi Party. Chief of the German Police and later the Minister of the Interior, oversaw all internal and external police and security forces, including the Gestapo. Reinhard Heydrich- 7 March 1904 – 4 June 1942, a high-ranking German Nazi official., chief of the Reich Main Security Office, appointed and served as President of Interpol, he was attacked in Prague on 27 May 1942 by British-trained Czech agents who had been sent to assassinate him in Prague


 * DIRECTIONS: Complete the outline below as you read Section 3.**

I. In 1942, the Nazi regime stretched from the ** English Channel ** to ** the outskirts of Moscow **. A. ** Heinrich Himmler ** moved Slavic people in the East and replaced them with ** Germans **

B. By summer, 1944, seven million Europeans were ** forced **

to work for the Nazis.

II. The Final Solution in Hitler’s Europe was ** genocide ** of the Jewish people. A. The Einsatzgruppen were SS death squads whose job was to kill Jews by mass murder.

B. Six ** extermination ** centers were built in Poland for mass executions of Jews. C. The Germans killed between five and six ** million **Jews.

D. The mass slaughter of European civilians, especially Jews, is called the ** Holocaust **. E. Many children were evacuated from cities to avoid the ** bombing ** campaigns. 1. The Germans created 9,000 camps for children in the ** countryside **. 2. In Japan, 15,000 children were evacuated from ** Hiroshima ** before its destruction.

III. The Japanese conquered Southeast Asia under the slogan **" Asia for the Asiatics. ”** A. Economic ** recourses ** of the colonies were used for the Japanese war machine. B. Indonesians were required to bow in the direction of ** Tokyo **.

C. Over 12,000 Allied prisoners of war and 90,000 workers died while working on the ** Burma-Thailand ** railway.

= = = **PART 4 - THE HOME FRONT AND THE AFTERMATH OF THE WAR** =

**Vocabulary** Define: mobilization, prepare and organize (troops) for active service impact: the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another kamikaze: reckless or potentially self-destructive // : he made a kamikaze run across three lanes of traffic.// alternative: available as another possibility Cold War: a state of political hostility existing between countries, characterized by threats, violent propaganda, subversiveactivities, and other measures short of open warfare, in particular **People and Events** Identify: Albert Speer: (1905–81), German architect and Nazi government official; designer of the Nuremberg stadiumfor the 1934 Nazi Party congress. He was also minister for armaments and munitions. Following theNuremberg trials, he served 20 years in Spandau prison. General Hideki Tojo **:** (1884–1948), Japanese military leader and statesman; prime minister 1941–44. He initiated theJapanese attack on Pearl Harbor and by 1944 had assumed virtual control of all political and militarydecision-making. After Japan's surrender, he was tried and hanged as a war criminal.

Questions:

 1. Even more than World War I, World War II was a ** total ** war in which fighting was much more widespread and covered most of the world. 2. Eventually the United States became the ** arsenal ** of the Allied powers, producing much of the military equipment needed by the Allies. 3. Over a million ** African Americans ** moved from the rural South in the United States, to the cities of the North and West, looking for jobs in industry. 4. On the West Coast, 110,000 ** Japanese Americans **were removed to camps and required to take loyalty oaths. 5. Hitler refused to cut ** consumer goods ** production or to increase production of ** armaments **during the first two years of the war. 6. Young Japanese were encouraged to volunteer to serve as pilots in ** suicide ** missions against U.S. fighting ships at sea. 7. The first sustained use of ** civilian ** bombing began in early September 1940, as Londoners took the first heavy blows from the German air force. 8. The ferocious bombing of Dresden created a ** firestorm ** that may have killed as many as 100,000 inhabitants and refugees. 9. Fearing high U.S. casualties in a land invasion of Japan, President Truman and his advisers decided to drop the atomic bomb on** Hiroshima ** and** Nagasaki **in August 1945. 10. At the Tehran Conference, the Soviet Union, the United States, and Great Britain agreed to a ** partition ** of postwar Germany. 11. ** Stalin **said, “A freely elected government in any of these East European countries would be anti-Soviet, and that we cannot allow.” 12. In March 1946, the former British prime minister Winston Churchill declared that ** "an iron curtain" ** had descended across the continent of Europe. 13. While many in the West thought Soviet policy was part of a global ** Communist ** conspiracy, the Soviets viewed Western, and especially American, policy as nothing less than global capitalist ** expansionism **.