Unit+10

=PART 1= Nationalism in the Middle East

genocide- systematic killing of a racial or cultural group ethnic cleansing- the mass expulsion and killing of one ethnic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area eliminate- extinguish: terminate, end establish-set up or lay the groundwork for Abdulhamid II- Born 22 September 1842, Died 10 February 1918 ( 1918-02-10 ). last Ottoman Sultan to rule with absolute power T. E. Lawrence- 16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935. officer renowned especially for his liaison role during the Arab Revolt against Ottoman Turkish rule of 1916–18 Atatürk- 1881–10 November 1938. His military campaigns gained Turkey independence. Atatürk then embarked upon a program of political, economic, and cultural reforms, seeking to transform the former Ottoman Empire into a modern and secular nation-state Reza Shah Pahlavi-Born March 15, 1878 ( 1878-03-15 ), Died July 26, 1944. Reza Shah overthrew Ahmad Shah Qajar, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty, and founded the Pahlavi Dynasty, which ended with his son. He established a system of government that could revitalized the targets of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran where for the first time Iranians were seeking for the rulers who do not remain in power for eternity. Ibn Saud- Born January, 15, 1876, Died November 9, 1953. first monarch of the Third Saudi State known as Saudi Arabia. His later reign saw the discovery of petroleum in Saudi Arabia in 1938, and the beginning of large-scale exploitation of that resource after World War II.
 * Vocabulary** Define:
 * People** Identify-

part 1:

-The empire of the ottoman turks.
 * 1. Which empire did the European nations call “the sick man of Europe”?**

-By supporting Arab national activists there.
 * 2. How did the British seek to undermine Ottoman rule in the Arabian Peninsula?**

-genocide; an estimated 1 million arabians were dead
 * 3. What is the deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group called?**

1. Many arabic elements were eliminated from the turkish language which was now in the roman alphabet 2. He took steps to modernize Turkey's economy with factories being built and a state direction plan over the economy 3. The biggest change was his attempt to break the power of Islam.
 * 4. List three changes that came about in Turkey as a result of Ataturk’s reforms.**

-He tried to copy the reforms of Kemal Atatürk in Turkey by introducing reforms to strengthen and modernize the government, military and economy.
 * 5. After he led a mutiny to seize control of Tehran, how did Reza Shah Pahlavi try to change Iran?**

-In general, the people in these states had no strong identification with their designated country. However, a sense of Arab nationalism remained.
 * 6. Where did the Middle Eastern states originate?**

-He united Arabs in the peninsula and established the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
 * 7. What did reform leader Ibn Saud help create in the northern part of the Arabian Peninsula?**

-The Balfour Declaration. Which expressed support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine, but it also added that this goal should not undermine the rights of the non-Jewish peoples living there.
 * 8. Identify the document that the British government issued to express support for a national home for the Jews in Palestine.**

-They did it by declaring that only 75,000 Jewish people would be allowed to immigrate to Palestine over the next five years; after that, no more Jews could do so. It did not work though, it only intensified tension and violence.
 * 9. How did the British try to end the violence in Palestine in 1939? Did it work?**

= Part 2 = = aware- having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact  = = Pan-Africanism- a sociopolitical world view, philosophy, and movement which seeks to unify native Africans and those of African heritage into a "global African community"  = = Mahatma- a person regarded with reverence or loving respect; a holy person or sage. = = civil disobedience- a group's refusal to obey a law because they believe the law is immoral  = = zaibatsu- a large Japanese business conglomerate. = = integrity- the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moraluprightness  =

W. E. B. DuBois- February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963, an intellectual leader in the United States as sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor Marcus Garvey- 17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940, a Jamaican publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black Nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League Mohandas Gandhi- 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948, the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. Jawaharlal Nehru- 14 November 1889–27 May 1964, an Indian statesman who was the first (and to date the longest-serving) prime minister of India, from 1947 until 1964. Ho Chi Minh- 19 May 1890 – 2 September 1969, a Vietnamese Marxist revolutionary leader who was prime minister (1945–1955) and president (1945–1969) of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam). He formed the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and led the Việt cộng during the Vietnam War until his death.

Black Africans had fought in World War I in (1) ** British ** and French armies. Many Africans hoped they would be rewarded with (2) ** independence ** after the war. Most (3) ** European ** leaders, how- ever, were not ready to give up their colonies. The colonies stripped from (4) ** Germany ** after World War I were awarded to Great Britain and France, who then controlled most of Africa. As more Africans became aware of the enormous gulf between Western (5) ** ideals ** and (6) ** practices **, they decided to seek reform. In (7) ** 1921 **, Harry Thuku was arrested for protesting (8) ** high ** taxes. By the 1930s, an increasing number of African leaders were calling for independence, not (9) ** reform **.

Young African leaders who had studied abroad were especially influenced by the ideas of (10) ** W.E.B. DuBois ** and (11) ** Marcus Garvey **. Garvey, a Jamaican who lived in Harlem in New York City, stressed the need for the unity of all Africans, a movement known as (12) ** Pan-Africanism **. Léopold Senghor organized an independence movement in (13) ** Senegal **.

Mohandas Gandhi had become active in the movement for Indian (14) ** self-rule ** before World War I. The independence movement in India (15) ** split ** into two paths. One identified with Gandhi and was (16) ** religious **. The other identified with (17) ** Nehru ** and was secular, Western, and modern.

During the first two decades of the twentieth century, Japan moved toward a more (18) ** Western ** government. But by the 1930s, the Japanese govern- ment was dominated by the (19) ** military leaders ** and other supporters of Japanese expansionism. Founded in 1919, the Communist International, or (20) ** Comintern **, was a worldwide organization of Communist parties dedicated to spreading revolution. By the end of the 1920s, practically every colonial society in Asia had a (21) ** communist ** party. = = = **Part 3** =

Revolutionary Chaos in China

pursue, follow (someone or something) in order to catch or attack them constitutional, relating to an established set of principles governing a state : a constitutional amendment. redistribution of wealth: the transfer of income, wealth or property from some individuals to others caused by a social mechanism such as taxation, monetary policies, welfare, nationalization, charity or tort law. Sun Yat-sen, (1866–1925), Chinese statesman; provisional president of the Republic of China 1911–12 and president of theSouthern Chinese Republic 1923–25. He organized the Kuomintang force and established a secessionist government at Guangzhou. Chiang Kai-shek, (1887–1975), Chinese statesman and general; president of China 1928–31 and 1943–49 and of Taiwan 1950–75. He tried to unite China by military means in the 1930s but was defeated by the Communists. Forced to abandon mainland China in 1949, he set up a separate Nationalist Chinese State in Taiwan. Shanghai Massacre, Mao Zedong, (1893–1976), Chinese statesman; chairman of the Communist Party of the Chinese People's Republic 1949–76; head of state 1949–59. A cofounder of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and its effective leader from the time of the Long March (1934–35), he eventually defeated both the occupying Japanese and rival Kuomintang nationalist forces to create the People's Republic of China in 1949. PLA, People's Liberation Army. The armed forces of the People's Republic of China, including all its land, sea, and air forces. The PLA traces its origins to an unsuccessful uprising by communist-led troops against pro-Nationalist forces in Jiangxi (Kiangsi) province on August 1, 1927, a date celebrated annually as its anniversary.
 * Vocabulary** Define: guerrilla tactics, conflicts inwhich a small group of combatants including, armed civilians use military tactics, such as ambushes, sabotage, raids, the element of surprise, and extraordinary mobility to harass a larger and less-mobile traditional army, or strike a vulnerable target, and withdraw almost immediately.
 * People and Events** Identify:

I. Revolutionary ** Marxism ** had its greatest impact in China. A.In 1923, Nationalists and Communists formed an alliance and trained a ** revolutionary **army to seize control of China. B.In 1927, Chiang Kai-shek struck the Communists in the ** Shanghai **Massacre. . C.In 1928, Chiang founded a new Chinese republic at ** Nanjing. **

II. ** Mao Zedong **led Communist party members to the mountainous Jiangxi province.

A. Mao was convinced that a revolution would be driven by ** peasants **. B. Chiang Kai-shek tried to ** root ** the Communists out of their bases. 1. Chiang’s troops ** surrounded ** the Communist base in Jiangxi. 2. Mao’s army broke out and began its famous ** Long March. **.

3. While many froze or starved along the way, one year later, Mao’s troops reached safety in ** the dusty hills of northern China **.

III. Chiang Kai-shek announced a period of training to prepare China for ** constitutional ** government. A. The Nationalists used ** dictatorial ** power to carry out a land-reform program. 1. Most rural people were ** drained ** by civil strife. 2. A ** Westernized **middle class began to form in the cities.

B. Chiang set up a ** “New Life Movement” ** to promote Confucian social ethics and to reject excessive individualism and material greed. C. Fearing communism, Chiang’s government suppressed all opposition but by doing so alienated many ** intellectuals ** and political moderates. = **Part 4** =

oligarchy- a small group of people having control of a country, organization, orinstitution stimulate- raise levels of physiological or nervous activity in maintain- cause or enable (a condition or state of affairs) to continue
 * Vocabulary** Define:

**People and Events** Identify: Juan Vicente Gómez- 24 July 1857 – 17 December 1935 was a military generaland de facto ruler of Venezuela from 1908 until his death in 1935. Good Neighbor policy- foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the United Statesperiodically intervened militarily in Latin America nations to protect itsinterests, of Latin America. Hipólito Irigoyen- July12, 1852 – July 3, 1933, was twice President of Argentina Getúlio Vargas- April 19, 1882–August 24, 1954 served as President of Brazil, first as dictator , from 1930 to 1945, and in a democratically elected term from 1951 until his suicide in 1954. Vargas led Brazil for 18 years, the most for any President, and second in Brazilian history to Emperor Pedro II. PRI- controlled the major groups in society Lázaro Cárdenas- May 21, 1895 - October 19, 1970, was President ofMexico from 1934 to 1940.

1. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the Latin American economy was based largely on the export of ** foodstuffs ** and ** raw materials **. 2. The fact that ** investors ** in the United States controlled many Latin American industries ** angered ** Latin Americans. 3. The United States had intervened ** militarty ** in Latin American for years. 4. In 1935, President Franklin Roosevelt announced the ** Good Neighbor Company **, a policy ** rejecting **the use of U.S. military force in Latin America. 5. The total value of Latin American ** exports ** in 1930 was almost ** 50% **below the figures for the years between 1925 and 1929. 6. Being low on ** money ** to buy manufactured goods, Latin American governments encouraged the development of new ** Industries ** to produce goods. 7. A trend toward ** authoritarianism ** increased during the 1930s. 8. Argentina was controlled by an ** Oligarchy **, a government where a select group of people exercises control. 9. A military coup made Getulio Vargas, a wealthy rancher, president of Brazil, and in 1937 Vargas made himself ** dictator **. 10. Lazaro Cardenas, president of Mexico from 1934 to 1940, distributed 44 million acres of land to landless Mexican ** peasants **, a move that made him enormously popular. 11. In major cities such as ** Buenos Aires ** in Argentina and ** São Paulo **in Brazil, wealthy elites expressed great interest in the work of modern artists. 12. When studying in Europe, Diego Rivera was influenced by Italian ** Frescoes ** ;when he returned to Mexico he created ** murals **with monumental shapes and bold colors.