Unit+7

=== **Part 1 Define **: ===

decline - **become smaller, fewer, or less; decrease**
=== extraterritoriality - **is the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations. Extraterritoriality can also be applied to physical places, such as military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations** === === self-strengthening movemen t- **a period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers ** === === spheres of influence - A territorial area over which political or economic influence is wielded by one nation. === === ensure - make certain that (something) shall occur or be the case Open Door policy - the policy of granting equal trade opportunities to all countries ===

===**1. Give one important reason for the abrupt decline and fall of the Qing dynasty. - One important reason for the abrupt decline and fall of the Qing  dynasty was the intense external pressure applied to chinese society by  the modern west.  2. What three things highlighted the growing weakness of the Qing dynasty? - corruption, peasant unrest, and incompetance are the three things that highlighted the growing weakness of the Qing dynasty. 3. Explain what it means that the British had an unfavorable trade balance  in China. - They imported more goods from China than they exported to China.   4. What did the British trade with China to settle the unfavorable trade balance? - After trying to trade silver with China failed, the British turned to trading opium. **=== ===**5. When did the Qing dynasty make peace with Britain? - they made peace in 1842. **=== ===**6. What factors led to the Tai Ping Rebellion? - Chinese government tried to modernize its military forces and build up industry without imposing  on the basic elements of Chinese culture. Railroads, weapons factories, and shipyards were built, but the Chinese value system remained  unchanged. **=== ===**7. What did the Chinese government agree to in the Treaty of Tianjin? - They agreed to legalize the opium trade and open new ports to foreign  trade. **=== ===**8. What is meant by the term “self-strengthening”? -In its weakened state, the Qing court finally began to listen to reformers who supported a policy they called self-strengthening. They wanted China to adopt Western technology, but to keep its Confucian values. **=== ===**9. How were spheres of influence created in China? <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1a1a18; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- After the Tai Ping Rebellion, warlords in the provinces began to  negotiate directly with foreign nations. In return for money, the warlords granted these nations exclusive trading rights or  railroad-building and mining privileges. In this way, Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan all established spheres of influence in  China. **=== ===**<span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Times; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">10. What edicts did Guang Xu issue during the One Hundred Days of Reform? <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- The emperor issued edicts calling for major political, administrative,  and educational reforms. With these reforms, the emperor intended to modernize government bureaucracy by following Western models; to adopt a  new educational system that would replace the traditional civil service  examinations; to adopt Western-style schools, banks, and a free press;  and to train the military to use modern weapons and Western fighting  techniques. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 11. What effect did the American Open Door policy have on the spheres of influence? <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">- It loosened restrictions on trade among the imperialist powers within the spheres. **=== ===**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 9pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">12. What prompted the Boxer Rebellion? <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 11px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap;">- The intrusion of westerners, the Christian missionaries, and the  weakness of the Qing dynasty. During some time in 1898, a group of Chinese people were fed up and sick of the way westerners were acting in  their village. Thus in their outrage they killed the westerners and rallied up a numerous amount of other followers who had anti-foreign  sentiment. **===

= **Part 2-** =


 * provincial** - of or concerning a province of a country or empire


 * transition** - the process or a period of changing from one state or condition to another


 * commodity** - a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.


 * integrate -** combine (one thing) with another so that they become a whole **Identify**: Sun Yat-sen, Henry Pu Yi, General Yuan Shigai.#1 - What were the three stages of reform proposed by Sun Yat-sen?

After the (1) ** Boxer ** Rebellion, Empress Ci Xi embraced a number of reforms in education, administration, and the legal system. Elections for a national (2)
 * asssembly **were even held in 1910. The emerging elite were angry to discover that elected assemblies could not pass laws but could only give (3)
 * advise **to the ruler.

Sun Yat-sen developed a three-stage reform process that included a (4) ** military ** takeover, a transitional stage before democratic rule, and then finally a constitutional (5)
 * democracy **. In 1905 Sun united radical groups from across China; these groups became the (6)
 * nationalist party **. After the Qing dynasty collapsed in 1911, Sun’s party turned to (7)
 * general Yuan Shigai **, who controlled the army. With no new political or social order, the events of 1911 were less a revolution than a (8)
 * collapse **of the old order. General Yuan dissolved a new parliament, the Nationalists launched a rebellion, and Sun Yat- sen fled to (9)
 * Japan **. At the death of General Yuan in 1916, China slipped into (10)
 * Civil war **.

The coming of Westerners to China affected the Chinese economy by introduc- ing modern (11) ** transportation ** and (12) ** profits ** went to foreign countries rather than back into the Chinese economy. In 1800, daily life for most Chinese was the same as it had been for (14) ** Intellectuals ** began to introduce Western books, paintings, music, and ideas to China. Western literature and art became popular in China, especially among the (17)
 * comunications **, creating an export market and integrating the Chinese market into the nineteenth-century world economy. In this new economy, local industry was largely destroyed, and many of the (13)
 * centuries **. A visitor to China 125 years later would have seen many people in the cities who were (15)
 * educated **and wealthy, affected by the growing presence of Western culture. (16)
 * urban middle class **.

**part 3**
<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> **concession** - a thing that is granted, esp. in response to demands; a thing conceded

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> **prefecture** - a district under the government of a prefect

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> **compensate** - for loss, suffering, or injury, typically by the award of a sum of money

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> **equip** - supply with the necessary items for a particular purpose

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;"> **succession -** when the son or heir takes the place of the previous monarch

I. By 1800, Japan was ** isolated **from all contact with the outside world. A. The first foreign power to succeed with Japan was the ** United States **. B. Japan agreed to the Treaty of ** Kanagua **, opening ports to Western traders.

II. The decision to open relations with the West was highly ** controversial **in parts of Japan. A. In 1863, the ** Sat-Cho **was forced to promise to end relations with the West. B. A Sat-Cho army attacked the palace in Kyoto in 1868 and declared the restoration of the authority of the ** Shogunate **.

III. New leaders transformed Japan into a modern ** Imperialist **nation.

A. Meiji reformers undertook a careful study of ** Western ** political systems. B. Meiji leaders set up a new system of ** Land Ownership **. C. The new army was well equipped and military service was **3 years**.

IV. The Japanese began their ** expansion ** in 1874. A. Japan’s navy forced ** Koreans ** to open their ports to Japanese trade. B. Japan went to war with both ** China ** and ** Russia **. C. The United States was the first to recognize Japanese ** rule **of Korea.

V. The wave of Western ideas that entered Japan altered Japanese ** culture **. A. The Japanese were dazzled by European ** literature **. B. Technical specialists from ** Europe and the United States ** were invited to come to Japan and teach. C. In 1889, the ** Tokyo School of Fine Arts ** was established. D. Japanese culture became ** fashionable ** in Europe and North America.