Unit+13

part 1:
 * détente**- the easing of hostility or strained relations, esp. between countries
 * dissident**- a person who opposes official policy, esp. that of an authoritarian state
 * apparent**- clearly visible or understood; obvious
 * expansion**- the action of becoming larger or more extensive
 * perestroika**- the policy or practice of restructuring or reforming the economic and political
 * Mikhail Gorbachev-** former Soviet statesman, having served as General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991, and as the last head of state of the USSR, having served from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.


 * Leonid Brezhnev-** was the General Secretary of the Central Committee (CC) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), presiding over the country from 1964 until his death in 1982. His eighteen-year term as General Secretary was one of the lengthiest, second only to that of Joseph Stalin. During Brezhnev's rule, the global influence of the Soviet Union grew dramatically, in part because of the expansion of the Soviet military during this time.


 * Brezhnev Doctrine-** a Soviet Union foreign policy, first and most clearly outlined by S. Kovalev in a September 26, 1968 Pravda article, entitled “Sovereignty and the International Obligations of Socialist Countries.” Leonid Brezhnev reiterated it in a speech at the Fifth Congress of the Polish United Workers' Party on November 13, 1968.


 * Ronald Reagan-** was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989), the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975) and prior to that, an actor.Reagan was born in Tampico in Whiteside County, Illinois, reared in Dixon in Lee County, Illinois, and educated at Eureka College in Eureka, Illinois, with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology.

On 12 June 1991 he was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president. However, Yeltsin never recovered his popularity after a series of economic and political crises in Russia in the 1990s.
 * Boris Yeltsin**- was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999.


 * Vladimir Putin**- born 7 October 1952. Served as the second President of the Russian Federation and is the current Prime Minister of Russia, as well as chairman of United Russia and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Union of Russia and Belarus. He became acting President on 31 December 1999, when president Boris Yeltsin resigned in a surprising move. Putin won the 2000 presidential election and in 2004 he was re-elected for a second term lasting until 7 May 2008.

unit 2:
 * ethnic cleansing**- the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.
 * autonomous**- having self-government, at least to a significant degree
 * found**- having been discovered by chance or unexpectedly, in particular
 * settlement**- an official agreement intended to resolve a dispute or conflict
 * cooperation**- the process of working together to the same end
 * Lech Walesa-** a Polish politician, trade-union organizer, and human-rights activist. A charismatic leader, he co-founded Solidarity (Solidarność), the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland 1990–95. Wałęsa was an electrician by trade, with no higher education. Soon after beginning work at the Gdańsk (then, "Lenin") Shipyards, he became a trade-union activist


 * Václav Havel**- a Czech playwright, essayist, poet, dissident and politician. He was the tenth and last President of Czechoslovakia (1989–92) and the first President of the Czech Republic (1993–2003). He has written over twenty plays and numerous non-fiction works, translated internationally. He has received the US Presidential Medal of Freedom, the Philadelphia Liberty Medal, the Order of Canada, the freedom medal of the Four Freedoms Award, and the Ambassador of Conscience Award. He was also voted 4th in Prospect Magazine's 2005 global poll of the world's top 100 intellectuals. He is a founding signatory of the Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism.


 * Slobodan Milosˇevic ́-** was President of Serbia and Yugoslavia. He served as the President of Socialist Republic of Serbia and Republic of Serbia from 1989 until 1997 in three terms and as President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 to 2000. He also led the Socialist Party of Serbia from its foundation in 1990. In the midst of NATO bombing of Yugoslavia, Milošević was charged with crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), but the trial ended after Milošević died in his cell.

I. Workers’ protests led to demands for change in ** Poland **. A. In 1980, Lech Walesa organized a trade union called ** Solidarity. ** . B. In 1988, the Polish regime agreed to free ** parliamentary ** elections. C. ** Walesa ** was chosen as president in December 1990.

II. Communists used massive ** repression ** to maintain power in Czechoslovakia. A. In December 1989, the Communist government ** surrendered **. B. A writer named ** Václav Havel ** became the new president. C. Czechoslovakia split into the ** Czech Republic ** and ** Slovakia. **.

III. Nicolae Ceaus ̧escu ruled ** Romania ** with an iron grip. A. In 1989, secret police murdered thousands of ** men, women, and children ** demonstrators. B. Ceaus ̧escu and his wife were arrested and ** executed ** on Christmas Day,1989.

IV. Erich Honecker used the ** Stasi ** to rule East Germany for 18 years. A. Mass protest ** demonstrations ** broke out in the summer and fall of 1989. B. The Communist government opened its border with the ** West ** on November 9. C. The ** government ** was ordered torn down. D. The ** countries ** of East and West Germany took place on October 3, 1990.

V. Yugoslavia had a ** Communist government ** government under its leader Josip Broz Tito. A. Tito died in 1980, and by 1990, the Communist Party ** collapsed **. B. Four Yugoslav republics began to lobby for ** independence **. C. War broke out in ** XXXXX ** in 1991 and in ** XXXXX ** in 1992. D. ** Yugoslav ** was removed from power in 2000, and he was brought to trial for his role in the Balkans’ bloodshed.

unit 3: Brandt's most important legacy was Ostpolitik, a policy aimed at improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. This policy caused considerable controversy in West Germany, but won Brandt the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971.
 * currency**- a system of money in general use in a particular country
 * Thatcherism**- describes the conviction politics, economic and social policy, and political style of the British Conservative politician Margaret Thatcher, who was leader of her party from 1975 to 1990.
 * method**- a particular form of procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, esp. a systematic or established one
 * budget deficit**- is the amount by which a sum of money falls short of the required amount.
 * weapons of mass destruction (WMDs)**- a chemical, biological or radioactive weapon capable of causing widespread death and destruction.
 * Willy Brandt-** was a German politician, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987.

Born in Grantham, Lincolnshire, she studied chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford before qualifying as a barrister. In the 1959 general election she became MP for Finchley. Edward Heath appointed Thatcher Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970 government. In 1975 she became Leader of the Conservative Party, the first woman to head a major UK political party. Following the 1979 general election she became Britain's first female Prime Minister.
 * Margaret Thatcher-** is a former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who served from 1979 to 1990.

Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law in La Habra.
 * Richard Nixon**- was the 37th President of the United States (1969–1974), having formerly been the 36th Vice President of the United States (1953–1961). A member of the Republican Party, he was the only President to resign the office as well as the only person to be elected twice to both the Presidency and the Vice Presidency.

Bush is the eldest son of President George H. W. Bush, who served as the 41st President, and Barbara Bush, making him one of only two American presidents to be the son of a preceding president.[4] He is also the brother of Jeb Bush, former Governor of Florida.
 * George W. Bush-** was the 43rd President of the United States (2001–2009), and the 46th Governor of Texas (1995–2000).

1. By 1992, the EEC comprised 344 million people and made up the world’s ** largest ** single trading bloc. 2. One of the European Union’s first goals was to establish a common European currency, the ** euro **. 3. By 1981, the Socialists had become the chief party in the ** National Assembly ** but ** Socialist Party ** policies largely failed to work. 4. A move to the right in France was strengthened when the ** servative ** mayor of Paris, Jacques Chirac, was elected president in May 1995. 5. West German chancellor Willy Brandt received the ** Nobel Peace Prize ** for 1971 when he initiated a cultural exchange treaty with East Germany. 6. When East and West Germany ** XXXXX ** in 1989, the new Germany became the leading power in Europe. 7. Between 1964 and 1979, the ** Conservative ** and ** Labour ** Parties alternated in power in Great Britain. 8. Margaret Thatcher pledged to limit ** social welfare **, restrict union power, and end ** inflation. ** . 9. Much of President Bill Clinton’s second term was overshadowed by charges of presidential ** misconduct. ** . 10. During his first term as president, some of George W. Bush’s major policies included a tax cut and the ** No Child Left Behind Act **, an overhaul of federal education legislation.

unit 4:
 * globalization**- develop or be developed so as to make possible international influence or operation
 * percentage**- a rate, number, or amount in each hundred
 * gender parity-** is a socioeconomic index usually designed to measure the relative access to education of males and females.
 * cultural imperialism-** act of a nation imposing its cultural values onto another, usually weaker, nation.
 * liberation**- set (someone) free from a situation, esp. imprisonment or slavery, in which their liberty is severely restricted

Science and (1) ** Technology ** are important forces for change in today’s world. Since World War II, they have revolutionized people’s lives. Critics in the 1960s and 1970s, however, argued that some technology had far-reaching effects that damaged the (2) ** XXXXX **. In the early 2000s, debates over (3) ** organic ** farming and (4) ** genetically ** enhanced foods intensified. In wealthy regions as Western Europe, the population is (5) ** declining **. Soon, the most populous nations in the world will be (6) ** developing **countries. An older population places a demand on the (7) ** economy ** because the taxes of the (8) ** workers ** must be stretched to cover the expenses of the elderly.

Since 1970, the number of women in the (9) ** labor force ** has continued to rise. Despite the gains made by the women’s movement, women in Western soci- ety still earn significantly (10) ** less ** on average than men. Some European countries have adopted (11) ** gender parity **, policies that encourage more women to be part of government.

Fear of (12) ** XXXXX **, an incurable disease that attacks the immune system, led to (13) ** Discrimination ** against people who had contracted it. Public education campaigns helped to promote awareness and (14) ** tolerance **. People’s attitudes changed when it was understood that (15) ** HIV **, the virus that causes AIDS, could strike anyone. Today AIDS remains a (16) ** global ** issue of great seriousness.

The effects of (17) ** globalization **are not limited to politics and econom- ics. With new technology, (18) ** culture ** can be mass-produced and mar- keted globally. More people now enjoy the same music, (19) ** films **, and sports.