Unit+9

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PART 1:


 * depression-** a long-term economic state characterized by unemployment and low prices and low levels of trade and investment
 * collective bargaining-** involves workers organizing together (usually in unions) to meet, discuss, and negotiate upon the work conditions with their employers
 * minimum-** the smallest possible quantity
 * deficit spending-** spending money raised by borrowing; used by governments to stimulate their economy
 * circumstance-** a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
 * Dawes Plan-** was an attempt following World War I for the Triple Entente to collect war reparations debt from Germany. When after five years the plan proved to be unsuccessful, the Young Plan was adopted in 1929 to replace it.
 * Treaty of Locarno-** The Locarno Treaties were seven agreements negotiated at Locarno, Switzerland on 5 October - 16 October 1925 and formally signed in London on December 1, in which the First World War Western European Allied powers and the new states of central and Eastern Europe sought to secure the post-war
 * Weimar Republic-** the German republic founded at Weimar in 1919; "The Weimar Republic was overthrown in 1933 and replaced by the Third Reich"
 * John Maynard Keynes-** 1st Baron Keynes, CB (5 June 1883 – 21 April 1946) was a British economist whose ideas have profoundly affected modern macroeconomics and social liberalism, both in theory and practice.
 * Franklin Delano Roosevelt-** (1882-1945), 32nd President of the United States of America **Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial, Washington, D.C., presidential memorial** USS Franklin D.
 * New Deal- the historic period (1933-1940) in the United States during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were implemented **

1. What did the settlement at the end of World War I try to accomplish? To alienate the German speaking people and to cause a controlled migration and partitioning of the Late Ottoman Empire. ** 3. What wishes of Woodrow Wilson did the U.S. Senate refuse to fulfill? The US Senate did not approve the US' membership in the League of Nations, which was desired by Wilson's position. 4. What did members of the League of Nations disagree about when crises arose? They would not agree to use force against nations that violated international law. 5. How did France intend to collect unpaid war reparations from Germany? France sent troops into Germany to moniter every cent that came in and out of the country. 6. Name two things the Dawes plan accomplished.- It softened the burdens of war reparations and stabilized the currency in the German market 7. What did the League of Nations Covenant suggest that nations do with their military? Reduce their military forces to make war less probable. 8. List two factors that played a major role in the start of the Great Depression.- Banks were permitted to speculate in land and the stock market with little government regulations. And, High tariffs and war debts helped spread the depression world wide. 9. How bad was the Great Depression in Great Britain in 1932? 40% of the German labor force were out of work. The unemployed and homeless filled the streets. Governments did not know how to deal with this crisis. 10. List three problems faced by the Weimar Republic. The republic had no truly outstanding political leaders, faced serious economic problems and to make matters worse, this is when the great depression started. 11. What was the old theory of how economic depressions should be solved?- Depression should be left to be solved themselves without the Government getting involved in the economy. 12. How did Franklin Roosevelt propose to reform capitalism in order to save it? He prused a policy of active government intervention in the economy known as the new deal. **
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 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">2. Why did the settlement leave many nations unhappy? Border disputes poisoned relationships in Eastern Europe for years. Many Germans were vowing to revise the terms of the treaty of Versailles.

**Part 2** The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

totalitarian state - <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. fascism - an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. widespread - found or distributed over a large area or number of people unrestricted - not limited or restricted New Economic Policy (NEP) - <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">A temporary retreat from the failed War Communism policy of extreme centralization and doctrinaire socialism Politburo - the principal policymaking committee of a Communist Party. Five- Year Plans - the five year plans is a set of economic plans. collectivization - organize (something) on the basis of ownership by the people or the state, abolishing private ownership or involvement
 * Define**:


 * Identify**:
 * Benito Mussolini** - <span class="date" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important; font-weight: normal;">(1883–1945), Italian statesman; prime minister 1922–43; known as <span class="altName" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important;">**Il Duce** (‘the leader’). He founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1919, annexed Abyssinia in 1936, and entered World War II on Germany's side in 1940. He was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans a few weeks before the end of the war.
 * Joseph Stalin** - <span class="date" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important; font-weight: normal;">(1879–1953), Soviet statesman; general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1922–53; born <span class="Name" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important;">//Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili// . In 1928, he launched a succession of five-year plans for rapid industrialization and the enforced collectivization of agriculture. His large-scale purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930s were equally ruthless.
 * Francisco Franco** - <span class="date" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important; font-weight: normal;">(1892–1975), Spanish general and statesman; head of state 1939–75. Leader of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, he became head of the Falange Party in 1937 and proclaimed himself <span class="italic" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important;">//Caudillo// ("leader”) of Spain. With the defeat of the republic in 1939, he took control of the government and established a dictatorship that ruled Spain until his death.

By 1939, only France and Great Britain remained (1) ** Democratic **. Other states adopted (2) ** dictatorial **regimes. A (3) ** totalitarian ** state is a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens. Totalitarian states wanted to (4) ** conquer ** the hearts and the minds of their subjects. The (5) ** collective **will of the masses was organized and determined by the leader.

(6) ** Fascism **glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictator. (7) ** Mussolini ** established the first European Fascist movement in Italy. The middle-class fear of (8) ** socialism **, communism, and (9) ** disorder **made the Fascists increasingly attractive to many people. Mussolini created a (10) ** secret **police force, the OVRA, to watch citizens’ (11) ** political **activities and enforce government policies.

In 1922, Lenin and the (12) ** communists **formally created a new state called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At Lenin’s death, Leon Trotsky wanted to launch Russia on a path of rapid (13)
 * industrialization **and to spread communism abroad. Another group wanted to focus on building a (14) ** Socialist **state in Russia. Party General Secretary, (15) ** Joseph Stalin **, gained complete control of the Communist Party. In the 1930s, Stalin’s mania for power led him to (16) ** purge **, or remove, all opponents—or imagined opponents—from Soviet life.


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= =

= **Part 2** = The Rise of Dictatorial Regimes

totalitarian state - <span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">A new kind of government in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union. fascism - an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization. widespread - found or distributed over a large area or number of people unrestricted - not limited or restricted New Economic Policy (NEP) - <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">A temporary retreat from the failed War Communism policy of extreme centralization and doctrinaire socialism Politburo - the principal policymaking committee of a Communist Party. Five- Year Plans - the five year plans is a set of economic plans. collectivization - organize (something) on the basis of ownership by the people or the state, abolishing private ownership or involvement
 * Define**:


 * Identify**:
 * Benito Mussolini** - <span class="date" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important; font-weight: normal;">(1883–1945), Italian statesman; prime minister 1922–43; known as <span class="altName" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important;">**Il Duce** (‘the leader’). He founded the Italian Fascist Party in 1919, annexed Abyssinia in 1936, and entered World War II on Germany's side in 1940. He was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans a few weeks before the end of the war.
 * Joseph Stalin** - <span class="date" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important; font-weight: normal;">(1879–1953), Soviet statesman; general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union 1922–53; born <span class="Name" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important;">//Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili// . In 1928, he launched a succession of five-year plans for rapid industrialization and the enforced collectivization of agriculture. His large-scale purges of the intelligentsia in the 1930s were equally ruthless.
 * Francisco Franco** - <span class="date" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important; font-weight: normal;">(1892–1975), Spanish general and statesman; head of state 1939–75. Leader of the Nationalists in the Spanish Civil War, he became head of the Falange Party in 1937 and proclaimed himself <span class="italic" style="cursor: text; font-size: medium ! important;">//Caudillo// ("leader”) of Spain. With the defeat of the republic in 1939, he took control of the government and established a dictatorship that ruled Spain until his death.


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 2.**

By 1939, only France and Great Britain remained (1) ** Democratic **. Other states adopted (2) ** dictatorial **regimes. A (3) ** totalitarian ** state is a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens. Totalitarian states wanted to (4) ** conquer ** the hearts and the minds of their subjects. The (5) ** collective **will of the masses was organized and determined by the leader.

(6) ** Fascism **glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictator. (7)** Mussolini ** established the first European Fascist movement in Italy. The middle-class fear of (8) ** socialism **, communism, and (9)** disorder **made the Fascists increasingly attractive to many people. Mussolini created a (10) ** secret **police force, the OVRA, to watch citizens’ (11) ** political **activities and enforce government policies.

In 1922, Lenin and the (12) ** communists **formally created a new state called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. At Lenin’s death, Leon Trotsky wanted to launch Russia on a path of rapid (13)
 * industrialization **and to spread communism abroad. Another group wanted to focus on building a (14) ** Socialist **state in Russia. Party General Secretary, (15) ** Joseph Stalin **, gained complete control of the Communist Party. In the 1930s, Stalin’s mania for power led him to (16) ** purge **, or remove, all opponents—or imagined opponents—from Soviet life.

= **Part 3** = Hitler and Nazi Germany


 * Define**: academy, Nazi, Reichstag, concentration camp, ideology.
 * Identify**: Adolf Hitler, Enabling Act, Heinrich Himmler, Nuremberg laws, Kristallnacht.


 * DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 3.**

I. Adolph Hitler developed his basic ideas while in ** XXXXX **.

A. At the core of Hitler’s ideas was racism, especially ** XXXXX **. B. By 1921, Hitler took control of a right-wing ** XXXXX **party, the Nazis.

C. While in jail in 1923 he wrote Mein Kampf, or ** XXXXX **.

II. In 1931, the Nazis had become the largest party in the German ** XXXXX **.

A. Hitler’s appeals to national ** XXXXX ** struck an emotional chord in his listeners. B. The ** XXXXX ** elites of Germany began to look to Hitler for leadership. C. With the ** XXXXX **, Hitler became a dictator appointed by Parliament.

III. Hitler’s goal was to develop an ** XXXXX **racial state that would dominate the world. A. Nazis thought the Germans would create an empire like ancient ** XXXXX **. 1. The Nazi state used ** XXXXX ** and ** XXXXX **to coerce opponents.

2. A massive ** XXXXX ** program solved Germany’s unemployment problem. B. ** XXXXX **and ** XXXXX ** were brought under the control the Nazi regime.

C. Women played an important role as the ** XXXXX **of Aryan children.

IV. Once in power, Hitler’s anti-Semitic ** XXXXX ** became ** XXXXX **. A. New ** XXXXX ** laws were enacted in September 1935. 1. The ** XXXXX ** laws excluded Jews from German citizenship. 2. Jews were required to wear yellow ** XXXXX **. B. On November 9, 1938, the ** XXXXX ** occurred, a destructive rampage against the Jews.

= = = ** Part 4 ** =

Cultural and Intellectual Trends **Define**: //incapable-// lacking capacity or ability //abstract-// consider a concept without thinking of a specific example; consider abstractly or theoretically //photomontage-// a montage that uses photographic images //surrealism-// A 20th century movement of artists and writers (developing out of dadaism) who used fantastic images and incongruous juxtapositions in order to represent unconscious thoughts and dreams//.// //modernism-// genre of art and literature that makes a self-conscious break with previous genres//.// //classical-// of or relating to the most highly developed stage of an earlier civilisation and its culture//.// //uncertainty principle-// the theory that it is impossible to measure both energy and time (or position and momentum) completely accurately at the same time. **Identify**: //The Triumph of the Will-// Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens) is a propaganda film made by Leni Riefenstahl. It chronicles the 1934 Nazi Party Congress in Nuremberg. //Salvador Dalí-// Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech, 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11, 1904 – January 23, 1989) was a prominent Spanish Catalan surrealist painter born in Figueres. //James Joyce-// James Augustine Aloysius Joyce (2 February 1882 - 13 January 1941) was an Irish writer and poet, widely considered to be one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. //Hermann Hesse-// Hermann Hesse (July 2, 1877 – August 9, 1962) was a German-born Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. **DIRECTIONS: Fill in the blanks below as you read Section 4.** 1. A series of inventions in the late nineteenth century led the way for a revolution in ** mass **communications, especially ** Marconi’s **discovery of** wireless ** radio waves 2.. ** Broadcasting **facilities were built in the United States, Europe, and Japan during 1921 and 1922. 3. The Italian film ** Quo Vadis **and the American film ** Birth of a Nation ** made it apparent that cinema was an important new form of mass entertainment. 4. Hitler said, “Without motor-cars, sound films, and wireless, [there would be] no victory of ** Nazism ** .” 5. By 1920, the ** eight-hour ** day had become the norm for many office and factory workers in northern and western Europe. 6. The Nazi regime adopted a program called ** Kraft durch Freude **(“Strength through Joy”), that offered a variety of ** leisure ** activities to fill the free time of the working class. 7. The ** dadaists **were artists who were obsessed with the idea that life has no purpose. 8. ** surrealism **sought a reality beyond the material world. 9. The new German art developed by the Nazis, was actually derived from nineteenth-century ** folk ** art, and emphasized realistic scenes of everyday life 10.** stream of consciousness **was a technique used by writers to report the innermost thoughts of each character. 11. Ernest Rutherford, one of the physicists who showed that the atom could be split, called the 1920s the ** heroic age of physics. **. 12. Newtonian physics were challenged when German physicist Werner Heisenberg explained an observation he called the** uncertainty **principle.